Comparing the CO2 in the school carpark and the field during the day Lab Report

Comparing the CO2 in the school carpark and the field during the day and after school day - Lab Report Example The results were obtained from an accurate and tested carbon dioxide meter. With an increase in the number of cars at the car park picking up students after school, there is an increase in CO2 emission to the environment as compared to times when there are no cars on the compound. Burning fossil fuel is the main source of energy to power the vehicles and that means with more vehicles around the compound burning fuel for energy, more CO2 gets released to the environment. Fossil fuels contain elements like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen among others. They release carbon monoxide when burning which mixes with oxygen in the atmosphere to form carbon dioxide. The smoke released from the exhaust pipes of vehicles are essentially carbon dioxide and since they are not trapped in any way, they get released directly to the environment. As many cars park or move around the carpark, the amount of CO2 released directly to the surrounding environment increases. Also, even when the vehicles are not in motion, the engine is still hot and the fuels continue to evapor ate and release CO2. Controlled variables: The carbon dioxide meter. The meter had to be checked to ensure that the initial measure was standard. To ensure no errors were present, different devices were used and the results compared in order to detect any variances which would indicate an error. The CO2 sensor mounted on the stand is placed outside around the carpark and the field area with free air circulation. The sensor was fastened on the clamp stand with the adhesive tape. The digital surveillance cameras were set at strategic locations to ensure that every car driving to the car park was noted and measurement recorded after every thirty minutes timed by the stopwatch. The recordings should be done between 10 a.m-12 p.m. and 3 p.m-5p.m after school. That means that recordings will be taken 4 times during the

School Bullying Essay Example for Free

School Bullying Essay Bullying in schools is a very big problem all around the world. There are many reasons why bullying causes such a huge impact on society. There are three types of bullying: physical, verbal, and emotional. All of these types can have minor to very major impacts on a person, which can lead to very damaging affects on their mental health and wellbeing. People need to be informed about this so that they will stop before they can change someones life for the worst. Physical bullying is essential unwanted physical contact through abusing a victim. This can be through kicking, punching, shoving, and more. Most bullies target people who are smaller than them, because they think that they can take advantage of them. This makes it easier for them to boost their ego and make themselves feel stronger. Many bullies turn to physical bullying, because it is a very easy thing to do as long as they are strong enough. People use physical bullying, and other forms of bullying, when they have low self-confidence in themselves. Many victims have turned to suicide, or have even died because of physical bullying. Verbal bullying are slanderous accusations and statements targeted at victims, in an attempt to bring them down and make them feel bad. This can come in many forms, such as foul language, tormenting, and harassment. There is an endless amount of things that bullies can use to fuel their verbal harassment. This form of bullying is also relatively easy because the bullies themselves dont have to be physically strong; they simply need to use their mouths to convey a hurtful message. Emotional bullying can be any form of bullying, which involves causing damage to a victims well-being and emotions. Bullies can achieve this through spreading terrible rumors, and getting people to gang up on victims. Ganging up on people specifically can be very damaging, because it makes the victim feel very small and insignificant compared to all the assailants in this sinister act. Emotional bullying, along with most other forms of bullying, can lead to minor or major levels of depression, depending on the severity  of the malicious acts taking place on the victim. People may say that kids will be kids, and ignore the serious issues associated with bullying. However, if these people would pay more attention to the news, than they would see the negative affects are very real and often have very sad results. Recently, a girl by the name of Amanda Todd from British Columbia took her own life because of persistent and harsh bullying. Many other people around the world have also unfortunately ended their lives early because of bullying. Victims of bullying around the world are suffering every day. Sure, once in a while, a nasty word here and there might not lead to any severe consequences, however, it is very possible and it is a very real issue. Even though it is impossible to stop all bullying, it helps to inform people on what can happen if they persistently bully one particular person. If society starts to see and realize how severe these affects can be, hopefully then we will see a smaller amount of deaths and depression related to bullying through physical, verbal, and emotional means. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. School Bullying. _Wikipedia_. Wikimedia Foundation, 16 Oct. 2012. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. . 2. News, CBC. Amanda Todds Alleged Tormentor Named by Hacker Group British Columbia CBC News. _CBCnews_. CBC/Radio Canada, 16 Oct. 2012. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. .

Art Analysis: Safely Contained :: Papers

Art Analysis: Safely Contained Image: Scarface Artist: Miles Donovan This image is one of a series of four other paintings, all of iconic people. The image I am analyzing is of Robert De Nero as Scarface, an example of another of the images is Stevie Wonder. The image I am studying of Scarface is a computer generated image which was produced in Photoshop, the photo from a real shot in the film. The theme that is carried through the images is that they are all placed on a red background. I think this helps to make the images more striking, which works extremely well. With most paintings, such a heavy coloured background would make the foreground image appear o recede; but the artist in this piece has reversed this, making the red compliment the subject. We could maybe say this image is a stem of the 'pop art' movement; although it contains the blocked and flat colour elements, it still remains to be painted in a lifelike colour and composition, and so does not possess the vibrant colours usually related with 'pop art.' The size of the image is unknown but I should imagine it would be on a fairly large scale for it to have an impact, I think at such a size, the red background would be very imposing and would set forward, Robert De Nero the subject of the image. [IMAGE] The form of the image is very simple, subject and background, both of which are easily distinguishable. The image of scarface has been created upon an existing image of which contained a background, this is not transferred to the artists' graphic interpretation. This is done with all the images in the series, the background being replaced with a shade of red. We see that the subject either appears to be standing or sitting, resting both of his arms on something that is not contained within the shot, it almost appears that he is leaning on the frame. This cropping of the subject works very well to avoid as

Climate change system

What is Climate Change?The clime is a complex and dynamic system. Throughout the Earth ‘s being, it has changed many times in response to natural procedures. However within the last 50 old ages, the composing of the planetary ambiance has significantly altered. The bulk of scientists now believe this recent clime alteration can be attributed to human activities. Since the industrial revolution, nursery gas degrees in the ambiance have considerably risen bring forthing an enhanced nursery consequence ( UKCIP 2005 ) . The nursery consequence is a natural procedure ; where a per centum of the thermal infrared radiation emitted by Earth is absorbed by a bed of natural nursery gases which reduces the chilling consequence of the Earth ( Met Office 2009 ) . It is widely accepted that, human activity has led to an addition in the concentration of these nursery gases in the ambiance, doing an enhanced nursery consequence. The increased temperatures produced, as a consequence of greater infrared opacity, are referred to as planetary heating. Current grounds of planetary warming comes from increasing ocean temperatures, lifting sea degrees, runing polar ice caps and decreasing snow screen in the Northern Hemisphere ( IPCC 2007 ) . Climate alteration projections suggest that these will go on to take topographic point and that there will be additions in the frequence and strength of utmost conditions events, such as drouths, inundations and tropical storms. Within the last hundred old ages, the planetary mean temperature of the Earth ‘s surface has risen, with 11 of the warmest old ages on record happening during the past 12 old ages ( IPCC 2007 ) . If the planetary heating continues at the present rate, it is predicted that mean planetary temperatures could lift by up to six grades Celsius by the terminal of this century ( DECC 2009b ) .Carbon DioxideThe chief nursery gas responsible for anthropogenetic ( human-made ) clime alteration is carbon dioxide, accounting for about 85 per cent of entire United Kingdom Ã¢â‚¬Ë œs nursery gas emanations ( Defra 2008 ) . The United Kingdom entirely emits about 555 million metric tons of C dioxide per twelvemonth. The largest known part of C dioxide emanations comes from the combustion of fossil fuels ; coal, oil and gas. The burning of fossil fuels has provided the chief energy beginning for all industries since the industrial revolution. Even with current raising fuel monetary values, it is still considered to be an economical method of bring forthing big measures of energy. The C dioxide is released as a bi-product into the ambiance, when the C nowadays in the dodo fuel reacts with O in the air, as the dodo fuel Burnss. The industrial sector bring forthing largest volume of C dioxide emanations is the energy supply sector. Three quarters of the United Kingdom ‘s electricity comes from coal and gas ( DECC 2009b ) . The largest manufacturer of electric within the United Kingdom is DRAX coal fired power station. It generates about 7 % of the United Kingdom ‘s electricity supply, with its operation bring forthing about 23 million metric tons of C dioxide each twelvemonth.Government TargetsThe Governments worldwide have appreciated the demand to cut down nursery gas emanations to forestall farther anthropogenetic clime alteration. The United Kingdom has a figure of aims, both international and domestic, for cut downing nursery gas emanations. The Climate Change Act became jurisprudence on 26 November 2008. The Act sets out the passage program for the United Kingdom to go a low-carbon economic system ( DECC 2009b ) . It gives curates the powers to present new steps necessary to accomplish the nursery gas decrease marks. Under the Climate Change Act the Government is lawfully required to cut emanations by 80 % of the 1990 degree by 2050 ( DECC 2009a ) . In order to accomplish this several intermediate C budgets have been set. Each C budget covers a five twelvemonth period and provides the maximal degrees of nursery gases that can be emitted into the ambiance during the period. Internationally, the United Kingdom has signed up to the Kyoto Protocol. The protocol commits 37 industrialised states, which have signed up, to undertake the issues of planetary heating and nursery gas emanations. The protocol sets lawfully binding marks for the decrease of nursery gases. The cardinal aim of the Kyoto Protocol is to cut down worldwide nursery gas emanations to 5.2 per centum below 1990 degrees, during the five-year period, between 2008 and 2012. The United Kingdom has agreed to cut down its nursery gas emanations by 12.5 per centum.Renewable Energy ProductionThe debut of Government marks creates a demand for alternate emanation free agencies of energy production. In add-on to undertaking clime alteration, the addition of renewable electric coevals reduces the United Kingdom ‘s dependance on non-renewable beginnings for future coevalss. This has led to a recent addition in the development of renewable energy engineerings. Renewable electricity coevals extracts energy from natural resources. It can be considered as emanation free power coevals. The most prevailing methods are solar energy, hydropower, geothermic energy, air current power, wave power, and tidal power. Presently, renewable energy coevals jointly provides about 5 % of the United Kingdom ‘s one-year electricity demand. The Government intends to bring forth around 30 % of our electricity from renewable beginnings by 2020.

Depiction of Female Characters in Shakespeare’s Othello

â€Å"It is their husbands’ faults, if their wives do fail†. Othello, a play about race, power and gender is one of the best works of Shakespeare, and highlights few of the major societal issues of his time. On the one side is Othello, who is caught in his racial inferiority, fighting the prejudices his society has heaped upon him. And on the other side is Desdemona, who has transgressed her gender lines to marry the Moor, but is ultimately pushed into the sphere of submission and obedience – the traditional place where a woman should keep herself.We are made to wonder then: Whose tragedy is Othello really about and who was the real victim, Othello for his racial inferiority or Desdemona for her gender? If Othello makes himself appear to be a victim of Iago’s plans, confessing â€Å"nought I did in hate, but all in honor†, then he had too had once made Desdemona his victim. And not Desdemona alone, the other two women in the play, Emilia and Bianca face similar consequences. Emilia is another chaste, obedient and loyal wife to Iago – the malignant conniver, worser than Desdemona, she is never treated as a wife.And the last Bianca is, in fact, a fallen woman – a prostitute. The treatment of women in the play and the assumptions made about them removes the curtains drawn and triggers the single question in the minds of the readers – How true is the depiction of women in the play, and did Shakespeare’s society treat women in the same manner? As a matter of fact, seventeenth century England did not reserve a grand place for women, and feminist writings on women’s deplorable lives have come up mostly during Shakespeare’s time.This paper will study the three women characters and emit some light on the injustice faced by them and how they have been mere projections of male prejudices – they are assumed to be what men think them to be. The protagonist of the play is the beautiful, fair- skinned Venetian Desdemona. As her name would stand to mean ‘ill-fated’, Desdemona proves to be the most-affected victim of Iago, as until Othello comes to smother her, she was unaware of the cruel game played against her. Innocently in love ith Othello, she has been extremely loyal and supportive to her husband. When the play first introduces Desdemona, she is a different person from what she will become in Cyprus. Bold in her approach and almost fearless, she does not resemble the Venetian women of seventeenth century; by leaving her father’s house and marrying the Moor, thus committing miscegenation she takes her first step in redefining her role as a ‘woman’. She confirms Othello’s speech and accepts Othello as her husband.With her cunning, she smartly handles the situation and adeptly performs her â€Å"divided duty† – to her father for â€Å"life and education†, and to Othello for being her husband and companion; she admits her wifely behavior descending from her ‘mother’, who had also once preferred her husband to her father. Her love is not affected by Othello’s racial difference as she could overlook Othello’s physical ugliness and fall in love with the man inside him; she saw Othello’s â€Å"visage in his mind†.She also subverts feminism by unflinchingly asserting her sexuality and her love affair with Othello, and firmly says, â€Å"I did love the Moor to live with him†, and decides to follow him to Cyprus. That is the only time we see Desdemona’s vigor to stand for her defense. The shift of the play from Venice to Cyprus is not just spatial, it also has symbolic overtones. As from then onwards, Desdemona is reallocated to the position she tried to transgress, although in a different form – this time, playing a wife.Without any relatives or acquaintances, in Cyprus Desdemona is all on her own and all the more vulnerable. Her mar riage becomes a scandal, â€Å"not in her failure to receive her father's prior consent but in her husband's blackness. That blackness- the sign of all that the society finds frightening and dangerous- is the indelible witness to Othello's permanent status as an outsider†, and to convince him the truth in Desdemona’s love is impossible. Being a self-fashioner, he is always in need of symbols and signs to believe in Desdemona’s idea about him as her hero.First, her confirmation speech becomes the symbol of her love, then, to continue the trust-game Othello gives her a handkerchief – his ancestral property, received from his mother, who in her turn had received it from an old witch as a blessing to her marital life. The appearance of the handkerchief is believed to be a white cloth with a red strawberry imprinted on it. Symbolically it represents the bedspread of a married woman, with her virginal blood-stains on it, and also becomes the symbol of Desdemona ’s chastity, purity and her loving, civilizing sexual power.With the loss of it she loses Othello’s trust, and as Carol Neely puts it – â€Å"The handkerchief is lost literally and symbolically not because of the failure of Desdemona’s love but because of Othello’s loss of faith in that love†; love is not sustained through symbols and signs but through conviction. This brings out the frail nature of Othello’s love for Desdemona, held not by his heart but by the handkerchief. Othello’s fear of being deceived and cuckolded rises from the flaw that is inherent in him; the self that would never grow out of the uncertainties for being racially inferior looks upon Desdemona as the’ strumpet’.A chaste wife, being killed by her husband because he lacked self-identity and the power to recognize the devil inside him is universally acknowledged as the most appalling crime committed against an innocent woman. Another woman is Emilia, wife to Iago and the only companion of Desdemona in Cyprus. As the play progresses, she emerges from a common maid to a heroic individual. Dismissing Iago’s complains about Emilia’s noisiness Desdemona says: â€Å"Alas! She has no speech†. Desdemona seems right until the middle of the play. Emilia has no existence apart from her â€Å"instrumentality to the plot†.She passes the handkerchief to Iago, unaware of his plans: â€Å"what he will/ Heaven knows not I. / I nothing but to please his fantasy†. Emilia is heard speaking elaborately only in Act IV, scene iii also termed the ‘willow scene’, which stages the conversation between Desdemona and Emilia. In this scene, Emilia comes across as a realist with her ideas like: â€Å"The world’s a huge thing: it is a great price / For a small vice† and when she says that wrong and right are relative terms, and wrongs can easily be transformed into right by the power-wield ers.The most striking words are when she says that a husband is liable for his wife’s infidelity, as their neglect or envy or suspicion egg on the woman to commit treachery. According to Gayle Greene: â€Å"Emilia’s is a perspective to which we wholly ascribe, entrenched as it is in a material reality, but her vision complements Desdemona’s and represents some of the bawdy and toughness that Desdemona lacks†. He further continues saying Emilia’s clarity of ideas can be attributed to her social class: she has never been adulated, she is no one’s jewel and has remained clear-eyed and without illusions.Although she did nurture her husband’s fantasies like Desdemona. However, her previous error, unknowingly committed can be easily forgiven because of her sorority ties with Desdemona. She has not only been a friend in Desdemona’s loneliest times, but also becomes her voice in Act V, scene ii after her death: â€Å"O. the more angel she, /And you the blacker devil! † Like Desdemona, she too faces disillusionment about the man she has tied knots with on realizing Iago’s misdeeds, pronounced by her diversely inflected reiterations of â€Å"my husband†.Desdemona, even on her death-bed made her last attempt to protect Othello from his guilt by replying â€Å"Nobody, I myself† to Emilia’s â€Å"Who hath done this deed? † and spells her last words of loyalty â€Å"Commend me to my kind lord†. Emilia inverts her role as a wife and commits herself to her duties as a loyal maid to her mistress: â€Å"’Tis proper I obey him – but not now. / Perchance, Iago, I will ne’er go home†, until she is abruptly dispatched by a stab from Iago. Of the two women in the play, two are killed by their husbands after being despised as whores; the third woman, Bianca is actually a whore.She survives not through her own endeavor to appropriate herself to fit in th e men’s world, but simply because â€Å"she is not central enough to be pulled into Iago’s plot†. Women here are objects of men’s â€Å"horrible fancies’, fancies which are â€Å"projections of their own worst fears and failings†. They are either silent spectators throughout their lives, never retaliating, or else immediately silenced if they ever make an attempt to over-rule men’s scheme of things.Bibliography: 1. G.K Hunter’s ‘Murdering Wives in Othello’. 2. www.guttenberg.com/Othello 3. www.projectmuse.com/Othello and Desdemona 4. Introduction and Chosen essays from Norton edition.

Gun Control Research Paper †Ethics Essay

Gun Control Research Paper – Ethics Essay Free Online Research Papers Gun Control Research Paper Ethics Essay Try to imagine a stone cold killer who just got out of jail running loose in the streets. He sees a house with a family in it. He breaks into it with the intention of killing someone. As he enters, the owner of the house sees him with a gun in his jacket. The owner then goes to the drawer and pulls a gun on the person. That person just saved her life because she owned a gun. This could happen to anyone. Gun control is the regulation of the sale and use of rifles and handguns. An injustice is violation of anothers rights or of what is right. This could be unjust because guns can save lives. Gun control is unjust and adjusting it accordingly can solve our nations most persistent and pressing problems. Gun control has been a rising conflict in the 2000’s. Some people say we should have it some say we shouldn’t. And there are those others who just want to change gun control a little bit. Gun control is an injustice because if people can have guns they can save lives. But not just any person should be able to get a gun. Lee Harvey Oswald assassinated President John F. Kennedy. Due to this assassination it increased public awareness which lead to the creation of increased and stricter gun control laws. People are entitled to own a gun. â€Å"The right to bear arms is stated in the 2nd amendment to the U.S. constitution. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed† (Right to Bear Arms). In other words the constitution allows U.S. citizens to own firearms. So, if people are allowed to have guns then why are there gun control laws? â€Å" The debate started shortly after November 22 , 1963 when evidence in the assassination of President Kennedy, which created some questions of why there was a relative lack of control over the sale and possession of firearms in America†(Gun Control Timeline). This all originated in Dallas, Texas. This is some history on gun control. The people that are trying to convince people that there is no problems with gun control have some pretty interesting things to say. These gun control advocates claim that guns promote violent behavior. Every day people are killed by guns. â€Å"Every day in the United States, 14 children are killed with guns† (Children Are Not at Risk from Handgun Violence). From this data a conclusion can be made that a lot of people are dying from guns. Gun control advocates also claim that there are ways to reduce gun violence. â€Å"A push for restrictions on bullet purchase, programs to rehabilitate criminals, devices to block out television violence, and growing citizen action groups are some ways of that gun violence can be reduced†(Bender 165-166). They claim that doing all this will help reduce gun violence. Trying to rehabilitate criminals might not be that effective. They also claim that death isn’t the only problem guns create. â€Å"During 1987 and 1988, Highland H ospital in Oakland, California, treated about 700 gunshot victims at a total cost of $10.5 million. Most of these victims- 2 percent of the hospitals patients- used 40 percent of its blood supply† (Newton 103). This data shows that gun shot victims are using almost half of the hospital’s donated blood. This justification is wrong for many reasons. For one, just because someone assassinated the president 40 years ago doesn’t mean that we have to limit what guns we can buy today. Lives can be saved if more people are able to buy guns. â€Å"In 1990 30% of the guns in the U.S. were used for self-defense† (Newton 24). This number should be much higher. Guns have more than just one use, for instance to go hunting or just to have a collection for a hobby. â€Å"Nearly 60% of the guns in the U.S. were used for hunting (Newton 24). That leaves about 10% left of guns in the U.S. â€Å"Law enforcement owns 3% of guns and 5% of guns was for collection purposes† (Newton 24). So that leaves only a small percentage of people who own guns with no purpose for them. Now, legalizing some illegal types of guns wouldn’t really affect people if most of them are using them for hunting and self protection. Just try to imaging a woman in an alley coming home from work with a g ang following her. The gang finally catches up to her and corners her in the back of the alley. In most cases she would die, unless she had a gun. If she had a gun she could have just pulled it out and scared the gang away. Possibly saving her life or any others around her. We can save lives with guns! It’s not the guns that kill people it’s the people that kill other people. Guns are just one way of killing them. This problem still affects us today for many reasons. For one, we just went through a war and the U.S. will never know what Iraq is going to do next. Also, people feel insecure if they don’t have a gun especially after what has happened in the past couple of years. Gun control still affects us today because there have been incidents where there have been suicides. â€Å"Homicide is not a disease, but it is a public health condition whose primary cause is the possession of guns† (Newton 103). There are still murders today committed with guns and that is why this problem still affects us today. Also, the 2nd amendment says that people have the right to bear arms and protect themselves. There are many actions that can be taken to remedy this problem. For, one we can engage today’s youth by engaging them in gun safety programs. This way the kids will know about guns and what will happen to them if they abuse them. Also, by legalizing some guns that are illegal the demand for them will go down and illegal gun sale will drop. But if those illegal guns become legal then there should be longer waiting periods and more thorough background checks. We can start by having petitions and have people sign them so that they will be sent to the NRA. This will tell them that we are serious about this and want immediate action. Also, there should be more gun awareness programs to educate people. â€Å"One NRA member expressed his support for longer background checks and mandatory training for gun buyers† (Newton 101). Gun safety should be a required class in the junior high to high school level. Doing all this will help get rid of gun control. One thing is for sure our future looks pretty good if gun control is gone. Just try to imagine a place where the criminals and murderers are afraid rather than the innocent people of America. Just try to think of the kids. This is so desirable because in our world people never know what’s going to happen next. All that people can do is prepare themselves for what could happen. Such as a mugger or a cold-hearted killer. Many lives can be saved with the ownership of a gun. If a family is at home sleeping and they hear a person break into their house. Wouldn’t it be nice to have a gun in case that person is about to kill the kids. Also, the sport of hunting would be enhanced. It would make it a lot easier for younger kids to go hunting. Gun control is unjust and adjusting it accordingly can solve our nations most persistent and pressing problems. Now as stated in the arguments above gun control is unjust and there is now reason why we should have it. When heard of on the news of a kid getting shot just think that it is the parents fault for leaving the gun in a place where they could reach it. The public of the United States should stop at no cost to effectively adjust gun control laws of today and to resolve this nation wide problem. Research Papers on Gun Control Research Paper - Ethics EssayEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationCapital PunishmentQuebec and CanadaUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)PETSTEL analysis of India

Free Essays on Anaylisis Of Jennings

â€Å"The Real Generation Gap† Marianne Jennings’ essay â€Å"The Real Generation Gap† tries to make the argument that differences between Generation X and the previous ones is widening and slumping in a downward direction. She urges parents to fight out against this downward slope but never can truly sway opinion because of her poor logos. She bases much of her arguments upon her personal experience as a mother, her own personal opinion, assumption, and the assertion that Christians (mainly Catholics) have the correct formula for living a moral life. Contradictions of her points and her harsh tone at times take away from her ethos. She does do an adequate job with her pathos when appealing to people’s basic moral values and the simple organization of the five topics: â€Å"skills, knowledge, critical thinking, work, and morality† is also helpful (298). Contradiction is a problem that takes place early on in the first two paragraphs. She asserts that the members of Generation X â€Å"know nothing at all about†¦ John Wayne, [and] Babe Ruth† who she thinks would be proper role models. In the very next sentence she says, â€Å"[the members of Generation X’s] favorite role models are the type of celebrities seen on MTV, ESPN, and the cover of People†. The contradiction happens here because we realize that ESPN is a sports magazine which has featured Babe Ruth many times and that People is a movie magazine and that John Wayne was a movie star. Not only does this contradiction hurt her logos but it also harms her ethos. Since she states that these two men are proper role models, then we can assume that they are also her role models, but neither of the two are viewed as pure and entirely good; it is quite the opposite. Babe Ruth was known to cheat on his wife and it ended their marriage, yet in the first pa ragraph she speaks bad about how Generation X is full of â€Å"broken homes†. John Wayne is also considered one of t... Free Essays on Anaylisis Of Jennings Free Essays on Anaylisis Of Jennings â€Å"The Real Generation Gap† Marianne Jennings’ essay â€Å"The Real Generation Gap† tries to make the argument that differences between Generation X and the previous ones is widening and slumping in a downward direction. She urges parents to fight out against this downward slope but never can truly sway opinion because of her poor logos. She bases much of her arguments upon her personal experience as a mother, her own personal opinion, assumption, and the assertion that Christians (mainly Catholics) have the correct formula for living a moral life. Contradictions of her points and her harsh tone at times take away from her ethos. She does do an adequate job with her pathos when appealing to people’s basic moral values and the simple organization of the five topics: â€Å"skills, knowledge, critical thinking, work, and morality† is also helpful (298). Contradiction is a problem that takes place early on in the first two paragraphs. She asserts that the members of Generation X â€Å"know nothing at all about†¦ John Wayne, [and] Babe Ruth† who she thinks would be proper role models. In the very next sentence she says, â€Å"[the members of Generation X’s] favorite role models are the type of celebrities seen on MTV, ESPN, and the cover of People†. The contradiction happens here because we realize that ESPN is a sports magazine which has featured Babe Ruth many times and that People is a movie magazine and that John Wayne was a movie star. Not only does this contradiction hurt her logos but it also harms her ethos. Since she states that these two men are proper role models, then we can assume that they are also her role models, but neither of the two are viewed as pure and entirely good; it is quite the opposite. Babe Ruth was known to cheat on his wife and it ended their marriage, yet in the first pa ragraph she speaks bad about how Generation X is full of â€Å"broken homes†. John Wayne is also considered one of t...

When Is the Next SAT Test Date

When Is the Next SAT Test Date SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Here's a guide on when the next SATtest is happening and deadlines for signing up. At this moment, the next SATtest date is October 1, 2016. If you're prepping for the test, maximize your score withour top 5 SATprep strategies. Thenext SATregistration deadline is September 2, 2016. The late deadline, with extra fees, is September20, 2016. Make sure you know how to sign up for the SAT and how much it costs. Scores for the next SATtest will be released October 20,2016. Do you know what a good SAT score is? Make sure you know how high you really need to score. For college applications, it's important to get a great SAT score. Here are our best SAT strategy guides to get you on track to improving your SAT score. How to get a perfect SAT score, by a 2400 scorer Perfect score guides for SAT Reading, SAT Math, and SAT Writing Learn our complete set of SAT grammar rules Make sure you know the best way to study SAT Vocab Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today:

Franz Joseph Haydn Classical Composers Speech or Presentation

Franz Joseph Haydn Classical Composers - Speech or Presentation Example At the age of 8, Haydn moved away from his parents to live with Johann, his uncle, in Hainburg. His parents wanted Haydn to become a priest. In addition, his father knew that Haydn would acquire exceptional musical skills through Hainburg’s education system. Hainburg was a society which embraced music talent and had established systems of learning music. The society had well established choirs in churches and academic institutions. Entrance of Haydn met the introduction of Reutter, a music director who lectured music concepts at St. Stephen’s Cathedral in Hainburg. Reutter recommended Haydn for the community choir, and later to the Vienna’s St Stephen’s Cathedral (Michael, 2009). At the Cathedral, Haydn demonstrated exceptional talent and was promoted to become the lead soloist in the teenage choir. The instrumental skills he acquired during the period in the choir bolstered his confidence in pursuing the career. However, Haydn’s stay at the Cathedr al was aborted when his voiced broke at puberty. Upon dismissal from the church, Haydn started employing the instrumental skills to earn a living in the streets (Greene, 2010). He started giving street lessons on musical instruments like keyboard and violin. Apart from the street lessons, Haydn worked as a freelance performer in many social and cultural functions around the social places of Vienna. Haydn used his time in the street to learn composing skills. He was hired by Pietro, a composer, to train a certain young girl on instruments. Haydn approached Porpora, a composer, with a request to serve in the composer’s factotum. In return, Propora was supposed to give Haydn composing instructions. Haydn took advantage of this opportunity to learn concrete composing skills (Greene, 2010). Haydn’s association with Propora lasted for three months. After this period, Haydn had acquired substantial composing skills. He started writing his own works and administering instrumen t lessons to the interested parties. Haydn’s written works started spreading in Vienna and around other influential parts of Austria. It was during this time when the classical composer met the Esterhazy family. The countess, Aloysia, liked some of his works and adopted him as her own trainer in instruments. Provision of music lesson services to the royal family member made the composer famous (Michael, 2009). Demonstration of professionalism and competence as an instrumental instructor and a composer earned him high status in the society. This is when Haydn was integrated into the music house owned by Karl von Morzin. Haydn was made the director of music at the house. He was charged with the responsibility of composing all the music writings for the musicians in the house. All the music performed by the musicians under his directorship was his original works (Greene, 2010). In Karl’s music house, the musicians were occupied with regular performance in count occasions for the royal family and other highly esteemed persons in Vienna society. Presence of Haydn in the house resulted on credible demonstration of musical and instrumental prowess by the musicians. Karl recommended regular practice of music lessons by his students. Therefore, the musicians did regular exercises on music instruments, composition and performance. At this time, Karl recognized the significance of Haydn in the practice programs of the subordinate musicians. This is when Hay

Explain and justify the ventures potential success Essay

Explain and justify the ventures potential success - Essay Example Since financial risk is connected with inclusion of debt capital, this implies that if there are no debt funds hence there will virtually be no financial risk. This also implies that activities which are totally financed by equity convey no financial risk. Subsequently, equity capital has the long-term potential for generating superior returns for the investors and is thus considered as appropriate source of finance especially for new business ventures. The investment appraisal techniques reveal that the net present value of investment is  £19,538.43 with an IRR of 29 percent. As the return on investment is more than cost of capital, it is apparent that project is viable and investors may accept this project. It is also apparent that budgeting will contribute towards the success of the business venture. Below is an outline of the anticipated budget as well as pricing structure for the business venture. The average per unit cost of delivering pizza is expected to be  £20 for sale of 8,825 units (in first year) and considering the demand of product and current competition in market, the management could expect sales turnover of around  £176,500. This means that average revenue per unit of pizza delivered will be  £31.14 (shown in price chart above) making a profit of  £11.14 per unit. The pricing structure is viable since it will enable the business venture to raise enough revenue to sustain its operations as well as to generate profits. Essentially, the aim of business is to make profit and this is achievable since our products are likely to attract more

Introduction to Marketing and Communications Essay

Introduction to Marketing and Communications - Essay Example segments and what it takes to define those market segments properly and adequately; tweaking various elements of the marketing mix to position products for individual target markets. The intent is to provide a template that Mega Bastard Corporation can use to explore the marketing of all kinds of products from a good grasp of marketing management fundamentals and basic models and processes contained therein (Bray; Sarvary; Oxford Learning Lab). The marketing environment consists of those external factors to a firm that impact the ability of the firm to undertake marketing activities. These are external circumstances, conditions, and realities that firms must face up to, and must take as givens, in crafting marketing strategies, and in coming up with viable product and business ideas. The fundamental component of a survey of the marketing environment for Mega Bastard Corporation are the micro environment and the macro environment. As the names suggest, the macro environment relates to the big picture factors that impact firm activities, and a good model for capturing the macro environment is the PESTLE analysis, which is a shorthand for the political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, legal and environmental factors that impact business and marketing strategies. The micro environment factors on the other hand relate to more immediate factors that impact firm activities, relationships, and operations, and a good model that captures the relevant micro environmental factors are the Five Forces Framework or Model of Porter. These Five Forces model looks at the level of competition, the bargaining power of buyers, the bargaining power of suppliers, the threat of substitutes, and the threat of new entrants into an industry. In the context of Mega Bastard Corporation’s foray into bionic limbs, the Five Forces analysis and the PESTLE analysis would be able to determine the nature of the marketing environment within which any marketing plan must prove its mettle

394 case study #2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

394 #2 - Case Study Example For instance, where workers are supposed to lift heavy construction materials, contractors are required to make sure the material is in good position for easy handling; provide lifters like cranes to reduce the vertical distance and level of bending. However, since it is completely impossible to eliminate risks especially in areas where activities involve dealing with dangerous components like inflammable components, deep mines, and sharp objects, the involved company must ensure that every worker has the knowledge on how to reasonably mitigate the hazard should it arise. Facilities that are essential in removing such risks must be placed in a strategic position and be functional at all times to enable quick response to problems. All organizations need to use a holistic approach to safety management in that safety procedures, use of experienced and disciplined employees, maximum supervision and maintenance of equipments is at par. However, it is important for employees to be aware an d take responsibility in ensuring their own safety and that of others without necessarily relying on the management. Defining what safe work place is is something almost impossible because even if there are measures in place, things can always go out of control. As evident in the case studies, the involved companies had methods of mitigating risks in place but in one way or the other, it was difficult to watch over everything. Therefore, a safe work place is that which ensures quick response and restoring of problems to normalcy. Choi, S., Davis., Veltri, A., & Wang, Q. (2012). ‘Translating Academic Research on Manual Lifting Tasks Observations into Construction Workplace â€Å"Good Practices.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Journal of Safety, Health & Environmental Research, 8(1), 1-32. Roux Willem Le. (2010). ‘When is a Workplace Safe or Unsafe?: The Safety Criterion in Terms of the Occupational Health and Safety Act and the Mine Health and Safety Act,’ The Journal of The

The Marketplace of The American Revolution Essay

The Marketplace of The American Revolution - Essay Example Thus, to be able to understand the nature of the American Revolution, one has to delve deeper into the actual effects of the revolution, rather than merely concentrating on the manner in which it occurred. This is because; a radical revolution is bound to cause far-reaching social, political, economic and governance changes. It is the levels of change that were registered in these contexts that would quality to term the American Revolution as either radical or otherwise1. To create full understanding of the nature of the revolution, one also needs to delve into the pre-existing conditions and ideologies at the time, and how such conditions compare with the period after the revolution. In so doing, an individual is able to trace the changes that occurred in various aspects, and thus manage to clearly understand the nature of the revolution that occurred, as either radical or otherwise2. Considering the words of Breen, in his book; Marketplace of Revolution, where he observes that â₠¬Å"customary markets had suddenly become dangerously politicized2†, there is no doubt therefore, that the American Revolution was radical. Therefore, this discussion argues that the American Revolution was radical. The revolution was a function of both the colonists and the indigenous Americans, who perceived the rule of Britain as oppressive and demeaning. The dissatisfaction started with the acts of the British government to demand taxes from the Americans, both the indigenous and colonists, which prompted them to perceive the action as an aspect of economic oppression, and thus started to rebel against the payment of such taxes3. The rebellion did not just occur silently, but involved the active mobilization of people to resist the call to pay up such taxes. The active resistance was done without the fear of dangerous repercussions that the colonists could face. They engaged in active resistance, where â€Å"they challenged traditional authority and risked their lives†2. The economic conditions that the British government had established did not favor the colonists, since they could not reap good rewards from the labor that they were applying in their farms. The introduction of economic conditions such as the stamp tax had completely changed the relationship between the Great Britain and the American colonies, prompting a high resistance from the American colonists. In fact, â€Å"No one had planned such a dramatic shift in political perspective†3. The produce of their farms were bought at lower prices, which did not grant them any satisfaction. It is against this background that the colonists engaged in active resistance of the rules and the economic terms that were established by the British government, since, â€Å"white Americans believed that they had in some measures, been wronged by economic practices that paid them less than they thought they deserved for their labor or crops†4. Therefore, the ordinary American colonists p articipated in the revolution through resisting the traditional authorities and the economic terms such as salaries for their labor, and prices for their farm products, which were established by the British government in the colonies. However, it is not all of the American colonists that supported the revolution. There were some â€Å"Loyalists-those who retained their allegiance to the crown†, who perceived the revolution and its aftermath as a loss of liberty6. However, many of such loyalists

394 case study #2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

394 #2 - Case Study Example For instance, where workers are supposed to lift heavy construction materials, contractors are required to make sure the material is in good position for easy handling; provide lifters like cranes to reduce the vertical distance and level of bending. However, since it is completely impossible to eliminate risks especially in areas where activities involve dealing with dangerous components like inflammable components, deep mines, and sharp objects, the involved company must ensure that every worker has the knowledge on how to reasonably mitigate the hazard should it arise. Facilities that are essential in removing such risks must be placed in a strategic position and be functional at all times to enable quick response to problems. All organizations need to use a holistic approach to safety management in that safety procedures, use of experienced and disciplined employees, maximum supervision and maintenance of equipments is at par. However, it is important for employees to be aware an d take responsibility in ensuring their own safety and that of others without necessarily relying on the management. Defining what safe work place is is something almost impossible because even if there are measures in place, things can always go out of control. As evident in the case studies, the involved companies had methods of mitigating risks in place but in one way or the other, it was difficult to watch over everything. Therefore, a safe work place is that which ensures quick response and restoring of problems to normalcy. Choi, S., Davis., Veltri, A., & Wang, Q. (2012). ‘Translating Academic Research on Manual Lifting Tasks Observations into Construction Workplace â€Å"Good Practices.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Journal of Safety, Health & Environmental Research, 8(1), 1-32. Roux Willem Le. (2010). ‘When is a Workplace Safe or Unsafe?: The Safety Criterion in Terms of the Occupational Health and Safety Act and the Mine Health and Safety Act,’ The Journal of The

The most appropriate form of market research Essay

The most appropriate form of market research - Essay Example In the context of the study on 360 communication technique of marketing the market research process for the same is quiet identical to the concept of the old techniques. The processes conducted are implemented for the new techniques of communication to understand the needs of the new market and act in a more customer centric manner. The market research process first identifies the problem involved with the customers for the company. Identifying the appropriate cause of the problem helps to design the research in an effective manner. The main problem for the company is to conduct 360 communication techniques in a more cost effective manner by identifying the appropriate way of communication in a particular market. For generating more revenue from the new customers the company need to segment the market and choose the target market for the communication technique to be adapted. Then understanding the problems of the existing customers through various methods of 360 communication approa ch can help the company to cope with the issues and implement strategies accordingly. Finally the communication technique through public relation and social activity helps to convey the company’s approach towards the customers and receive feedbacks for the different strategies implemented by the company and understand the need of the target market which will help the company to improve in the sector in accordance with the market needs.Collection of data from the respondents through primary or secondary research reveals. the attitude of the

English-language films Essay Example for Free

English-language films Essay ?I saw this quote in Mr. Laxman Gnawali’s laptop and I copied it right away, I don’t know but I liked that line very much. The quote was written on the wall of some park the place was really clean and that picture showed that it was really nice clean with lots of trees. After searching it in the internet I found it that it was the attribute to those who lost their lives in the war. We were talking about the teaching training session. We were told that we can achieve the next level in our career but we need to concentrate and do the session delivery seriously. There the quote was quite related because we had the freedom to be a teacher trainer but we have to be more responsible and develop certain habit, there with the freedom comes the responsibility. Looking at the history of freedom one can always see war as the synonyma for the freedom. The first thing that comes in our mind when we talk about freedom is war and quarrels. This phrase is mostly used by the people to show gratitude towards those who have lost their life in wars. There are so many articles and books written on them or about them. Shiv Khera have written a book â€Å"freedom is not Free† and there are mny other people who have talked about it and this is the phrase I think will be talked in coming future or as long as the existence of the human beings. Freedoms are rights of individuals, according to Webster its a state in which somebody is able to act and live as he or she chooses, without being subject to any, or to any undue, restraints and restrictions. As our country is democratic country and we proudly say that we are free, we have every freedom to do whatever we like to but in the beginning we fought for our freedom, can we still be fighting. In the beginning we fought for our freedom, with the birtishers, we fought with them not for the freedom but to keep our country free. We fought for the democracy from the Rana rulers and then we fought for the cruel royal rule and we achieve the freedom but the question remains that we have been fighting within ourselves. Now we have the ability to exercise free will and make choices independently of any external determining force, but are we truly free. I think we are still fighting within ourselves for the freedom we dream of. History has been our eyewitness that whenever we fought we fought to rule and not for the development or growth and we are still doing that. First we had MAHISHPAL than came GOPALA DYNESTYR and KIRAT after that many other than the most influential SHAH now we have politicians ruling still to rule not to develop. If I talk about the freedom realting with our history than it will never finish. Historians believe were not free, but on the other hand I just say we have our rights and restrains. Because completely unrestricted freedom of action would make peaceful human existence impossible, some restraints on freedom of action are necessary and inevitable. But, we do have to recognize that basic limitation, to make our life safe. We the people have to turn over some of our rights so that our country performs right and many say that the government is in our business but if they werent all chaos would occur. But, Freedom becomes a cost, a cost of just giving up some rights in return to be a great nation. But, some cost could become a concern. In the declaration of independence, Thomas Jefferson have clearly stated the difficulties and problems that America has to face on the process. The very recent and clear example abo;ut freedom is not free is our own country’s fight against the maost. We faced difficulties than one can imagine but ultimately we overcame with all the difficulties we faced. In the process of freedom government has to include all the armies of moist as well. There comes the pay for freedom. We had to go through traumas which many of the nation have been through but that trauma was from our own people to their own family. India, the biggest country with large population, which is emerging ijn every field in this modern time, have faced problems. They were colonized by British people and treated in the most cruel behave that one could ever treat to another human being in their own country but they fought for their freedom and have lost so many lives but at last they are free. The payment that they paid for the freedom are the lives, the great politicians and enthusiastic youths, there county were divided into parts and there is still fight among those country. Though they got the freedom they are still paying for it, that is why freedom is not free. America the land of opportunity, was not free and with the help of many freedom fighters they declare the independence. Instead of freedom they call it independent, as everyone knows in America most of the people are from different countries, the native people, the red Indians have actually lost their identity in order to be independent or free. the country have faced so many difficulties and still facing but it is the free country everyone says and believed that but they have the most criminal records and most frustration within their country. The fragmented society, self-centered individual, loss of culture and focus point of terrorism are the payment USA is paying with. Every country have their own struggle and history of freedom and the kinds pf payment they are paying as the freedom is not free. All the great people in this world has paid one or the other way for the freedom they fought for. Countries have faced the war and loss of the youngsters but the individual who are the great influential for that event lost their family ,loved once, and their own life as well. Hitler’s life story also suggest that freedom is not free. he hated zuse and to free himself from them he committed the crime which no human can forget and he is the most cruel person in this world. He could not face the failure and to make himself free from the thought of failure he continued doing the things which kept him free from that thought and the payment for the freedom of his thought is being cruel and called murderer and be alone in all his life. However his murder is still have no actual evidence but he was killed because he was becoming cruel and threat for many people so in the quest of freedom to free the abuse and feeling of failure he paid it with his life. Mahatma Gandhi, India call him their BAPU, was hated by his son because he had no time to spend with the family as he was in great mission to free his country from the Birtish. He freed his fellow country but the payment was his own children, he was killed by the very young person as people saw that his generosity is causing the country into many countries. He was free from all the material things and loved by all the people but to gain this freedom to loved by everyone with his life. The four martyrs, who was killed by rana rulers for their freedom speech also shows that whatever our country have got is not free. in whatever way we are enjoying or complaining about is actually the payment that those martyrs paid. They were from well known and educated family but in the quest to free the country from the ranas they paid their life and we got freedom. Being anyone as human is not free from all the responsibilities and rules that we need to follow. As a baby you are free to cry over anything but the payment is most of the time people don’t understand what your problem is. As a student you are allowed to make noise or make wrong choice but the payment is later on you have to fail in your exam and in your life. As a social worker you have the freedom to help others and take their pain as your own and the payment you have to pay is your time, for you and for your family, as an engineer, your freedom is to use any model but the payment is you have to be responsible for the lives of the people who will stay there, as writer you are free to write anything but the payment is no one will write about you, as the teacher you have the freedom to conduct your classroom as you wanted but the payment is you have to be the model all the time, you cannot make any mistake if you do you have to deal with all the consequences that might occur or the payment is your time and effort. When you see some advertisement on television about the free scheme, we always need to buy something with it because nothing is free, not even the water, the air. Freedom is actually the metaphor for all the responsibilities that comes with freedom. When one becomes the minister or join the politics, like in our country everyone blames them to be the negative one, you are free to be the politician but the payment is you won’t be trusted. When I first started to teach I don’t have any freedom to chose what I do in the classroom, so I was just following whatever the teacher told me to do and there no one expected anything from me so I was free from the responsibility and the payment I was paying is getting the low pay. As I developed the teaching learning skill and given the full responsibility of the class, I had the freedom to do any kind of things in the classroom and make it my own and include everything I have learnt but the payment is time and the continuous work load and no self time. Likewise with the PGDE course we had the freedom to garnish ourselves and the payment is all the criteria that was set for us to be what we were trained to be. FREEDOM IS NOT FREE, even the quote is controversial because when freedom is not free than why would one use these words and if it is used why it is mostly related with the people who have done so much for the betterment of the human being?

Oil Blends Against Aedes Aegypti (Linn.) and Anopheles Dirus

Oil Blends Against Aedes Aegypti (Linn.) and Anopheles Dirus An in vitro study of the bioefficacy of essential oil blends against Aedes aegypti (Linn.)  and Anopheles dirus (Peyton and Harrison) by using membrane feeding apparatus Nutthanun Auysawasdi1, Sawitri Chuntranuluck1, Vichien Keeratinijakal2,  Siriporn Phasomkusolsil3 and Silas A Davidson3 Abstract This study was performed to determine the bioefficacy of plant essential oils on Aedes aegypti and Anopheles dirus. Repellency was determined by measuring reduction in feeding and mortality. A novel in vitro bioassay apparatus was developed that had a sausage-casing membrane feeding system. Mixtures of three essential oils were evaluated: turmeric (Curcuma longa), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), and orange (Citrus aurantium). The oils were mixed in pairs or all together at equal volume for a total of 10% volume and then formulated with 90% virgin coconut oil. Complete formulations were evaluated with and without an additional 5% vanillin. The formulations were applied to the sausage casing membranes and female mosquitoes provided (expose) blood meals (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4 h) to assess the percentage repellency over time. The results showed that the strongest repellency was at shorter exposure periods. For Ae. aegypti, the strongest feeding reduction was with the turmer ic and eucalyptus combination and with the addition of vanillin (97.6-99.6%). For An. dirus, the strongest repellency was when all three oils were combined (98.4-99.6%). Vanillin increased the effects of repellency and mortality for all formulations and demonstrated an increased potential to enhance the bioefficacy of essential oil repellents. This study also demonstrated an in vitro membrane feeding system that can be used to screen essential oils. Keywords: Aedes aegypti, Anopheles dirus, Essential oil, Repellent, Membrane feeding system Introduction Mosquito-borne infectious diseases, such as dengue fever and malaria, are increasing each year, which may be due to the effects of global warming and climate change (Aguiar 2011). Dengue virus is primarily transmitted by Aedes aegypti (L.) mosquitoes and is the primary vector throughout the global distribution of dengue (Guzman et al. 2010). Malaria is transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes and the primary vectors are unique to different geographical locations. Anopheles dirus (Peyton and Harrison) is considered one of the most important vectors in Thailand and Southeast Asia (Sinka et al. 2011). Both of these diseases are difficult to manage because there are no available vaccines, and in the case of dengue, there are no therapeutic drugs (Halstead 2014). Efforts to control these diseases often focus on vector control and preventive strategies to minimize mosquito bites. The use of topical insect repellents applied to the skin is a proven method to reduce mosquito bites. There is a long history of using plant derived extracts to reduce mosquito bites. However, since the development of modern synthetic repellents in the 1940s, natural repellents have been largely replaced by synthetic chemicals (Debboun et al. 2006). Currently there is a renewed interest in using plant-based insect repellents due to concerns about safety and the preference for products that are considered more natural (Gerberg et al. 2007). Several essential oils and volatile compounds from a multitude of plants have been found to possess repellent properties against arthropods (Curtis et al. 1990). These plant derived chemicals often repel mosquitoes, but there is a wide variability between mosquito species (Kumar et al. 2011). Compounds that repel mosquitoes have been found in the following plant families: Graminae (Pushpanathan et al. 2006), Labiateae (Odalo et al. 2005), Lamiaceae (Ansari et al. 2000), Myrtaceae (Phukerd Soonwera 2014), Poaceae and Rutaceae (Trongtokit et al. 2005), Umbelliferae (Erler et al. 2006), and Zingiberaceae (Tawatsin et al. 2001). This study evaluated essential oils from the plants turmeric (Curcuma longa L., Family:Zingiberaceae), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labill, Family: Rutaceae) and orange (Citrus aurantium L. Family: Myrtaceae). It is known that turmeric contains the chemical ar-turmerone that is repellent to arthropods (Su et al. 1982). The eucalyptus plant contains important active ingredient such as 1-8, cineole, ÃŽÂ ±- and ÃŽÂ ²-pinene that can repel various mosquito species (Yang et al. 2004). Mosquito repellents are often tested by using the arm in cage technique (World Health Organization 2009). This method allows mosquitoes to feed directly on human volunteers and has several disadvantages, such as the pain and discomfort associated with mosquito feeding, the requirement for Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval, the limited number of candidate repellents that can be screened at one time (Deng et al. 2014). Even though the direct evaluation of repellents on human skin remains essential for evaluating repellents, artificial membrane feeding systems can serve as a useful alternative when pre-selecting candidate repellents (Luo 2014). The use of artificial membrane feeding systems is largely dependent on the types of membranes, including animal tissues, Parafilm-M ® films, and collagen membranes (Friend Smith 1987; Pothikasikorn et al. 2010). This paper evaluated the efficacy of essential oils from turmeric rhizomes (TU), eucalyptus leaves (EU) and orange peels (OR). These oils were evaluated individually in a previous study using the arm in cage method compared to the synthetic repellent DEET (N,N-diethyl 1-3 methylbenzamide 25% w/w; KOR YOR 15) (Auysawasdi et al. 2016). This study looked at the same three chemicals but combined them in mixtures to determine if there was a synergistic effect. Also each mixture was evaluated with or without 5% vanillin extract. Vanillin was added because other studies have found that it extends the amount of time that certain natural products are effective against mosquitoes (Tawatsin et al. 2001). Materials and Methods Mosquitoes rearing Ae. aegypti and An. dirus were reared in the insectary of the Entomology Department, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand. The photoperiod was maintained at 12 h light/12 h dark with a temperature of 25 ±2 °C and a relative humidity of 60-80%.Filter papers containing eggs of Ae. aegypti were placed in plastic trays (30ÃÆ'-35ÃÆ'-5 cm) with 2,500 ml of distilled water and larvae were provided fish food tablets (HIPPO ®). After one day, newly hatched larvae were diluted to about 500 larvae per tray for density and population. For An. dirus, approximately 150 eggs were added to a plastic tray and larvae provided fresh powdered fish food until pupation. The pupae of both species were collected and placed in holding cages until adult emergence. Freshly emerged adults were allowed to feed on soaked cotton pads containing a 5% multivitamin solution ad libitum. All testing was performed using five to seven day old post-emergent females that w ere denied sugar and only provided water for eight hours before testing. Preparation of plant essential oils Extracts from many of the plants are available commercially. Eucalyptus leaf oil (New Directions Aromatics Inc.,USA), Orange peel oil (New Directions Aromatics Inc., USA) and Vanillin (Borregaard Industries Ltd. Company, Norway) were purchased from Chanjao Longevity Co., Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand. Extracts from the turmeric plant were not available commercially. Therefore, turmeric rhizomes were collected from Suwan Farm, Pak Chong, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. Essential oils were extracted by water distillation (Charles Simon 1990). The different essential oils were blended at equal ratios for a total volume of 10% and then mixed with virgin coconut oil (Agrilife Co., Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand) using a vortex mixer (Vortex-Genie ®2, Scientific Industries, Inc., USA) (Table 1). The coconut oil was chosen because it created a formulation similar to what would be applied to human skin. All formulations were kept at room temperature before testing. Repellency assay by feeding membrane apparatus Repellency of essential oil blends was examined for Ae. aegypti and An. dirus under laboratory conditions using a membrane feeding system.Fifty 5-7 day old female mosquitoes were selected and placed in plastic cups (8 cm dia. ÃÆ'- 8 cm high) covered with netting. A membrane feeding system was used with a sausage membrane stretched over a standard membrane feeder with a surface area of 3.14 cm2 (r=1) and secured with a rubber band. Before feeding, either 10  µl of each mixture or 10  µl of coconut oil (negative control) was pipetted onto the sausage-casing membrane and spread evenly with the tip of the pipette. The treated membranes were allowed to dry and mosquitoes provided blood meals (exposed) at eight different time intervals (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4 hours) after application. A water feeding jacket was used to maintain the temperature of the feeding system at 37 °C. Approximately 1.5 mL of refrigerated (25 °C) human blood (Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thail and) was added to the glass feeder and allowed to warm to 37 °C. Then screened plastic cups of 50 female mosquitoes were allowed to feed for five minutes undisturbed. After the 5-min interval the membrane feeder was removed and unengorged mosquitoes were removed. Fully engorged mosquitoes and provided a sugar source and maintained in their containers in the insectary at 25 ±2 °C for 24 hours and then the number of dead mosquitoes counted. Data analysis Each mixture of essential oils was replicated five times (n=5) andresults presented as the mean  ± standard deviation (SD). To assess the significance of differences among groups, data were analyzed as a complete randomized design (CRD) with a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncans multiple range test (DMRT). A p-value of For comparison, percentage repellency was calculated for each test using the following formula: % Repellency = ÃÆ'- 100(1) Where A is the number of mosquitoes that did not feed on the treated membrane and B is the total number of mosquitoes exposed. Feeding was calculated as: % Feeding = ÃÆ'- 100 (2) Mortality was calculated as: % Mortality = ÃÆ'- 100(3) Mortality per hour = (4) Where D is the number of dead mosquitoes 24 hours after blood feeding, F is the total number of mosquitoes which fed on treated membranes, and h is the period of time that the extracts was left on the membrane. The number of mosquitoes which not feed on the membrane of each formulation was used to calculate the repellency per hour after application by the following formula: Repellency per hour = (5) Where A is the number of mosquitoes that did not feed on the membrane and h is the period of time that the extracts was on membrane. Results The efficacy of various formulations of selected essential oils (10% Total volume) with and without 5% vanillin, are presented in Figure 1. Shorter exposure times consistently resulted in lower feeding rates of both Ae. aegypti and An. dirus to all formulations. Feeding rates increased over time after application of formulations to the membranes. The addition of vanillin decreased feeding rates for all formulations. The greatest reduction in Ae. aegypti feeding was with the turmeric and eucalyptus mixture (TU:EU, Figure 1c). The greatest reduction in An. dirus feeding was with turmeric, eucalyptus, and orange mixed together (TU:EU:OR, Figure 1f). Mortality rates are also shown in Figure 1. Mortality rates were decreased based on time after application of formulations to the membranes. The greatest and most consistent mortalities for Ae. aegypti were the mixtures of TU:OR with and without vanillin (Figure 1a) and the mixture of EU:OR with vanillin (Figure 1d). The greatest mortality for An. dirus females was with the mixture of EU:OR with vanillin (Figure 1h). The percentage of repellency of all formulations against Ae. aegypti decreased with increasing exposure times (Table 2). The strongest percentage of repellency without vanillin was observed with the mixture of TU:EU (90.8-98.4%), followed by EU:OR (89.6-98.8%), and TU:OR (84.8-98.8%). The lowest percentage of repellency was observed for the mixture of all three plant extracts (TU:EU:OR, 81.2-94.8%). The percentage of repellency for all essential oil combinations with vanillin was not statistically different between any of the formulations without vanillin. The mixture of TU:EU provided the most repellency at 3.5 and 4 hours with and without vanillin. There were no statistical differences between the repellency of any formulations against An. dirus with or without vanillin, except for EU:OR+vanillin after 3 hours (Table 3). The highest percentage of overall repellency was observed for the combination of all three plant extracts (TU:EU:OR) and with the mixture of TU:OR. Overall, there were a positive correlation for formulations that produced the most repellency and increased mortality (Figure 2). For both Ae. aegypti (Figure 2a) and An. dirus (Figure 2b), the ratio of mortality per hour of formulations with vanillin was greater than without vanillin. Similarly, the repellency per hour of the four formulations with vanillin was stronger than without vanillin. Discussion Essential oils can have a significant effect on mosquito feeding rates (repellency) and mortality. For all formulations, exposure at 0.5 h after application of plant extracts to the artificial membrane resulted in greater repellency and higher mortality. Whereas, at 4 h after application there was increased feeding (decreased repellency) and lower mortality. These are consistent with many other studies demonstrating that plant extracts are volatile and lose their efficacy over time after application (Reifenrath Rutledge 1983; Rutledge Gupta 1999). The different mixtures led to different outcomes. The combination of TU:EU resulted in the highest repellency for Ae. aegypti, whilethe combination of all three essential oils (TU:EU:OR) gave the least repellency. Currently, the combination of all three extracts (TU:EU:OR) provided the greatest repellency against An. dirus. These results showed that the two mosquito species have different responses to the three plant-derived essential oils tested. It also demonstrated that the efficacy of each formulation is based on the compatibility of active ingredients and these compounds produce different effects when combined together. There are other reports showing that essential oils from plants are synergistic. Nerio et al. (2010) reported synergistic actions many plant essential oils used in this study that increased the repellency of formulations that would be expected from individual essential oils. Liu et al. (2006) found that the repellent activity of mixing essential oils from Japanes e mugwort (Artemisia princeps) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum camphora) was greateragainst Sitophillus oryzae and Bruchus rugimanus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) than that elicited by individual oils. The results also showed that the addition of 5% vanillin significantly decreased feeding rates and increased mortality. Studies have shown that vanillin reduces the evaporation rate of active ingredients and therefore extends the protection time (repellency) (Tawatsin et al. 2001). It is believed that vanillin changes the volatile composition of essential oils and also has an effect on the gustatory processes of mosquitoes (Lee et al. 2010; Ali et al. 2012). In this study the effect of vanillin was often more evident at increased time after application. It is recommended that vanillin be considered included as an ingredient for future natural product repellents. Finally this study presented a unique method to evaluate repellent formulations using a sausage membrane casing as part of a membrane feeding system. The arm in cage method has been used to evaluate many essential oil formulations (Choochote et al. 2007). While the arm in cage method is the gold standard for evaluating repellents, a membrane feeding system offers several advantages in that it can be quickly performed, standardly replicated, and does not require human volunteers. (Huang et al. 2015; Cockcroft et al. 1998). This method could be developed to rapidly screen, evaluate, and select the most promising formulations before they are tested on human volunteers. Acknowledgments This study is a research collaboration between the Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand and the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand. The authors are deeply grateful to the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science (AFRIMS) for facilitating and supporting the research. Finally, the authors thank the insectary staff; Kanchana Pantuwattana, Jaruwan Tawong, Nantaporn Monkanna, Yossasin Kertmanee, Weeraphan Khongtak and Sakon Khaosanorh for teaching and supporting this work. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy of the Department of the Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. References   Aguiar M (2011) The effect of global warming on vector-borne diseases: Comment on Modeling the impact of global warming on vector-borne infections by E. Massad et al. Phys Life Rev, 8, 202-203. 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(2007) Repellent activity of selected essential oils against Aedes aegypti. Fitoterapia, 78, 359-364. Cockcroft A, Cosgrove J Wood R (1998) Comparative repellency of commercial formulations of deet, permethrin and citronellal against the mosquito Aedes aegypti, using a collagen membrane technique compared with human arm tests. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 12, 289-294. Curtis C, Lines J, Lu B Renz A (1990) Natural and synthetic repellents. Appropriate Technology in Vector Control, 75-92[Elz Ã‚ ¤1]. Debboun M, Frances SP Strickman D (2006) Insect repellents: principles, methods, and uses, CRC Press. Deng W, Zhu N Mo J (2014) In vitro bioassay methods for laboratory screening of novel mosquito repellents. Entomological Science, 17, 365-370. Erler F, Ulug I Yalcinkaya B (2006) Repellent activity of five essential oils against Culex pipiens. Fitoterapia, 77, 491-494. Friend W Smith J (1987) The study of insect blood-feeding behaviour: 1. Feeding equipment, physical and endogenous factors, dose effect analysis, and diet destination. Memà ³rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 82, 11-17. Gerberg EJ, Novak RJ, Debboun M, Frances S Strickman D (2007) Considerations on the use of botanically-derived repellent products. In: Gerberg EJ Novak RJ (Eds.) Insect Repellents: Principles, Methods and Uses. Guzman MG, Halstead SB, Artsob H, Buchy P, Farrar J, Gubler DJ, et al. (2010) Dengue: a continuing global threat. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 8, S7-S16. Halstead SB (2014) Stumbles on the path to dengue control. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 14, 661-662. Huang TH, Tien NY Luo YP (2015) An in vitro bioassay for the quantitative evaluation of mosquito repellents against Stegomyia aegypti (= Aedes aegypti) mosquitoes using a novel cocktail meal. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 29, 238-244. Kumar S, Wahab N Warikoo R (2011) Bioefficacy of Mentha piperita essential oil against dengue fever mosquito Aedes aegypti L. 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Phukerd U Soonwera M (2014) Repellency of essential oils extracted from Thai native plants against Aedes aegypti (Linn.) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). Parasitology Research, 113, 3333-40. Pothikasikorn J, Boonplueang R, Suebsaeng C, Khaengraeng R Chareonviriyaphap T (2010) Feeding response of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles dirus (Diptera: Culicidae) using out of date human blood in a membrane feeding apparatus. Journal of Vector Ecology, 35, 149-155. Pushpanathan T, Jebanesan AGovindarajan M (2006) Larvicidal, ovicidal and repellent activities of Cymbopogan citratus Stapf (Graminae) essential oil against the filarial mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae). Tropical Biomedicine, 23, 208-212. Reifenrath WG Rutledge LC (1983) Evaluation of mosquito repellend formulations. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 72, 169-173. Rutledge L Gupta R (1999) Variation in the protection periods of repellents on individual human subjects: an analytical review. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 15, 348-355. Sinka ME, Bangs MJ, Manguin S, Chareonviriyaphap T, Patil AP, Temperley WH, et al. (2011) The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in the Asia-Pacific region: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic prà ©cis. Parasites Vectors, 4, 89. Spss I (2007) for windows, version 16.0. SPSS, Chicago, IL. Su HC, Horvat R Jilani G (1982) Isolation, purification, and characterization of insect repellents from Curcuma longa L. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 30, 290-292. Tawatsin A, Wratten SD, Scott RR, Thavara U Techadamrongsin Y (2001) Repellency of volatile oils from plants against three mosquito vectors. Journal of Vector Ecology, 26, 76-82. Trongtokit Y, Rongsriyam Y, Komalamisra N Apiwathnasorn C (2005) Comparative repellency of 38 essential oils against mosquito bites. Phytotherapy Research, 19, 303-309. World Health Organization (2009) Guidelines for efficacy testing of mosquito repellents for human skins. WHO, Geneva, 4 Yang YC, Choi HY, Choi WS, Clark JM Ahn YJ (2004) Ovicidal and adulticidal activity of Eucalyptus globulus leaf oil terpenoids against Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52, 2507-11. [Elz Ã‚ ¤1]It has no volume

Technological Determinism and Modern Ideology :: Sociology Technology Essays

Technological Determinism and Modern Ideology As technology becomes increasingly advanced and literacy becomes increasingly tied to one’s use and access to technology, many questions arise about the availability of this technology. New technologies continue to develop, especially those that directly pertain to literacy or writing. The biggest problem, however, is the problem of access. Is there opportunity for equal access? When looking at computers and the Internet, this seems to be a large problem. Even with an older technology, like the telephone, many people are without access. Although there are around 600 million telephones in the world, two-thirds of the world’s population still do not use these telephones or do not have access to them (Gergen 15). So how does technological determinism affect our social ideology? Or does our social ideology affect technological determinism? I think that it works both ways. There are negative possibilities for all new technology, just as there are positive ones. Technological determinism, as defined by George Rodman is â€Å"a theory that states that the introduction of new technology changes society, sometimes in unexpected ways† (40). He goes on to tell that after the introduction of printing, our culture shifted from an oral one to one driven by writing and literacy. The coming of the â€Å"digital age† could have a similar effect. As a science fiction writer and proponent of various technologies, Douglas Adams is asked about this subject quite often: Over the last few years I’ve regularly been cornered by nervous publishers or broadcasters or journalists or filmmakers and asked about how I think computers will affect their various industries†¦But it’s a hard question to answer because it’s based on a faulty model. It’s like trying to explain to the Amazon River, the Mississippi, the Congo, and the Nile how the coming of the Atlantic Ocean will affect them. The first thing to understand is that river rules will no longer apply (117). Obviously, the advent of computers as a tool of literacy will have a huge impact on the face of literacy as it stands right now. Technological determinism seems inevitable, but the effects of the impending technologies are not as easy to predict. Depending on our society’s view of the emerging technology, it could either be used to bridge the cultural gap that exists between the income levels in our society, or to widen it.

Helen Keller’s Life Essay

The name of Helen Adams Keller is known around the world as a symbol of courage in the face of overwhelming odds, yet she was much more than a symbol. She was a woman of luminous intelligence, high ambition and great accomplishment. She devoted her life to helping others. Helen Keller was born in Tuscumbia, Alabama, in 1880. When she was only 19 months old, she contracted a fever that left her blind and deaf. When she was almost seven years old, her parents engaged Anne Mansfield Sullivan to be her tutor. With dedication, patience, courage and love, Miss Sullivan was able to evoke and help develop the child’s enormous intelligence. Helen Keller quickly learned to read and write, and began to speak by the age of 10. When she was 20, she entered Radcliffe College, with Miss Sullivan at her side to spell textbooks – letter by letter – into her hand. Four years later, Radcliffe awarded Helen Keller a Bachelor’s degree  magna cum laude. After graduation, Helen Keller began her life’s work of helping blind and deaf-blind people. She appeared before state and national legislatures and international forums, traveled around the world to lecture and to visit areas with a high incidence of blindness, and wrote numerous books and articles. She met every U. S. president from Grover Cleveland to Lyndon Johnson, and played a major role in focusing the world’s attention on the problems of the blind and the need for preventive measures. Miss Keller won numerous honors, including honorary university degrees, the Lions Humanitarian Award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and election to the Women’s Hall of Fame. During her lifetime, she was consistently ranked near the top of â€Å"most admired† lists. She died in 1968, leaving a legacy that Helen Keller International is proud to carry on in her name and memory.

Tim O’Brien “The Things They Carried”, and His Writing Style

In his story â€Å"The Things They Carried† O’Brien depicts casualties of Vietnam war through evolution of characters’ emotional and psychological state. Psychological pressure is caused by war, but O’Brien portrays it symbolically through material and emotional things the soldiers carry. He gives a detailed list of everything soldiers take. The evolution of emotional perception of the world and values is depicted through the character of Lieutenant Jim Cross.His negligence, passion for a girl and narrow-mindedness causes a death of one of the soldiers, and this event forces his to revise his values and ethical code of a soldier. O’Brien uses a simple language, but symbolism and stylistic devices helps him to unfold the message of the story. The short story â€Å"The Things They Carried† was published in 1990. It describes the events of Vietnam War and analyzes deep personal feelings of the main heroes, and things they were faced with during wartime. Soldiers carry different â€Å"things† with them.Under â€Å"things† O’Brien means weapons and ammunition as well as terror, love, personal values and beliefs, but â€Å"almost everyone humped photographs† (p. 4). This story vividly depicts inner state of the characters during wartime and their living essentials such as fear, kindness, love, and uncertainty. These things are so important for them as ammunition during wartime, because they help the main heroes to overcome depression and difficulties they face with. It is important that â€Å"a set of things† has been changed, and at the end of the story the heroes carry a completely different â€Å"things† with them.As Kaplan characterizes war stories: â€Å"Almost all of the literature on the war, both fictional and nonfictional, makes clear that the only certain thing during the Vietnam War was that nothing was certain† (Kaplan, 1993, p. 43). The main character of the book i s Lieutenant Jim Cross, a man who falls in love with a girl who does not return his feelings. Jim suffers greatly and can do nothing but dreaming about close relations with this girl. His negligence of duties costs life one of his soldiers, and after this terrible event, he puts an end to his false dreams, and rethink most of his values and views.It was really difficult to him to change his worldview but he was strong enough to cope with emotional burden, and re-sort his â€Å"things†. The main idea of the text is that wartime has a great impact on feelings and views of people. When one person's actions begin to affect another person, we have moved from personal ethics to social ethics and often have to place some limits on human behavior (Bowen, Weigl, 1997). The story morality states that everyone is responsible for his own actions, and it is useless to blame everything on the people around you.Jim Cross is depicted as the person who is full of life experience, but still ha s not found the truth of life. The story â€Å"The Things They Carried† portrays that for some soldiers their burden is too heavy and they cannot carry it any longer. At the beginning of the story O’Brien describes things they carry: â€Å"what they carry was partly a function of rank, partly a field spatiality† (O’Brien, p. 5). Further, for most of them it is difficult to change their attitude towards life, but the rat-trap of war has an great influence on their outlook.For instance, Jim Cross has burned all pictures of Martha and shifts his attention to duties. â€Å"These burdens – the supplies the men carried to stay physically alive – are placed on the same level in terms of description as the objects carried that provided emotional sustenance to the men of the platoon† (Posek, 1997). The other main characters, Ted Lavender, Kiowa, Lee Strunk, and Henry Dobbins, are also carry their â€Å"things† which differ because they have different life experiences and expectations. Nevertheless, war forces them to carry the same psychological things as scary and hope.They need to adapt to war, but the only way for them is to change their habits and personal values. Some of them like Ted Lavender’s conditioned to this reality using their own way, but fails. Subconscious persuasion and mind-altering drugs have no effects. This causes lack of coincidence between war and personal feelings, since many of the characters struggling to develop their emotions while everyone else struggles to suppress their feelings. O’Brien depicts that when fear starts to dominate, people usually act in their own interests, they degrade as the keepers of customs and morality.It remains disappointing that the social issues that are generally identified as pertaining to deal with questions of individual choice, rather than of communal responsibility. Besides, material things the characters carry emotion burden: â€Å"Grief , terror, love, longing these were intangibles, but the intangibles had their own mass and specific gravity, they had tangible weight. † (O’Brien p. 6). The remarkable feature of O'Brien’s style is very exact descriptions: â€Å"As a first lieutenant and platoon leader, Jimmy Cross carried a compass, maps, code books, binoculars, and a . 45(c) caliber pistol that weighed 2.9 pounds full loaded. † (O’Brien p. 4). Detailed list of material things the soldiers carried helps O’Brien to force a reader to understand a burden they carried. O’Brien goes far beyond a simplistic description given a weight of each item the soldiers carries. â€Å"The weapon weighed 7. 5 pounds unloaded, 8. 2 pounds with its full 20 round magazine. The riflemen carried anywhere from 12 to 20 magazines†¦ adding on another 8. 4 pounds at minimum, 14 pounds at maximum. † (O’Brien, p. 5). O’Brien is a keen observer of people, historical and w ar events which is manifested in his style of writing.O’Brien depicts that a battlefield is the most terrible place he has ever seen. In this collection of the short stories he portrays the futility of soldiers deaths and sufferings of men who are still alive, but know that death is â€Å"around the corner†. The message of his stories is that war is senseless, war brings only grief and constant tension to be killed. In the story O’Brien rings up questions concerning moral health of people, and in spite of all the negative life lessons soldiers understand what it is to be an individual.Throughout the story there is a definite blame unmoral behaviour of the people, but it is most poignantly and symbolically demonstrated with the rejection of previous life. O’Brien shows that the inner state of soldiers has changed, and the readers cannot find a cynical man as most of them were before the war. On the other hand, war causes people to become insensitive. Obrie n depicts that the psychological state of Jim Cross has changed. He has not a â€Å"a love man† as he was depicted at the beginning of the story.To some extent, the moment of death caused the awakening of many characters in the story. For instance, Jim Cross sees the truth of life only when the soldier dies because of his negligence. O’Brien depicts that fear applied to love leads to individual degradation. Tolerance protects that diversity and demands respect. Jim Cross is a person who fights with his own imperfection changing his personal views after Ted Lavender’s death. When fear starts to dominate, people usually act in their own interests, they degrade as the keepers of customs and morality.It remains disappointing that the social issues that are generally identified as pertaining to deal with questions of individual choice, rather than of communal responsibility. The most impressive and powerful is the last scene of the story, when after the death of Lave nder Jim burns Martha’s letters and photographs promising never have fantasies. The facts mentioned above prove the idea that only in difficult situations people show their real nature and values. Toughness stems not from insensitivity but from a strict persona; code which functions as the characters' sole defense against the overwhelming chaos of war.O’Brien possesses a unique style of writing which appeals to readers mind and emotions. Writing of the author is filled with meaning and symbolism, hidden in plain sight beneath a seamless narrative style that breathes not a word of agenda, of dogma, or of personal belief. In this way, his writing contains knowledge that is hidden to all, but give only hints to be comprehended. Also significant in the writing style of O’Brien is a tendency to take on the character point of view in the narrative. The representation of the material is very affective.The structure of the piece is aimed to compel readers to think the p roblem over. Clear representation underlined the author’s awareness of the issues under discussion. The vocabulary is mostly neutral. Style and choice of words create a sophisticated tone, but, as the most important, unprepared readers understand the message of the chapter without difficulties, because the O’Brien’s language is very vivid and clear. He appeals to such universal virtues as equality and faith, and gives insight look into the root of the problem.The most important that the second chapter provides it readers, especially those who are not familiar with the reality of war. There are no romantic and lengthy descriptions in the short stories, but description of events and emotions ae very concise and brief. O’Brien depicts that our ordered and organized world one feels sometimes the need of a change. He â€Å"draws the reader into the text, calling the reader's attention to the process of invention and challenging him to determine which, if any, of the stories are true† (Calloway, 1995, p. 249).The repetition technique helps to shift logical stress and draws the readers attention to some key elements of the sentence structure, helping to shape authors message: â€Å"That's what stories are for. Stories are for joining the past to the future. Stories are for those late hours in the night when you can't remember how you got from where you were to where you are. Stories are for eternity, when memory is erased, when there is nothing to remember except the story. † (O'Brien p. 40). The collection of his stories can be called a â€Å"true† war story as it describes casualties of life experienced by soldiers.O†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Brien states â€Å"that war is Hell† potraying â€Å"in-depth and sensitive exploration of soldiers’ hearts and minds† (Literary Encyclopedia. 2005). The author depicts that war is a dangerous and tremendous evil which change emotion and feeling, views and customs of so ldiers. In spite of all the negative life lessons Jim Cross understands what it is to be an individual, and re-sorts his â€Å"things he carried†. It was the only way for all soldiers to survive during war. At the end of the story â€Å"things† form a strict ethical code which functions as the characters' sole defense against the overwhelming chaos of war.They set of things include the ideals of honor, courage and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic and always painful. The story teaches that a mature person acts in accordance with his own ethical code developing an approach to life that helps him get through the day. As O’Brien writes: â€Å"By telling stories, you objectify your own experience. You separate it from yourself† (O’Brien, p. 9). His characters are mature persons who act in accordance with their own morals developing an approach to life that helps them get through the day.The evolution of a character from a narrow-minded per son who does not care much about the consequences of his actions to a mature personality is another feature of style of writing: â€Å"I’d come to this war a quiet, thoughtful sort of person, a college grad, Phi Beta Kappa and summa cum laude, all the credentials, but after seven months in the bush I realized that those high, civilized trappings had somehow been crushed under the weight of the simple daily realities. I’d turned mean inside (O’Brien, p. 9).To conclude, O’Brien uses different specific techniques and different stylistics devices to convey a message of the stories and appeals to emotions of readers and imagination. Evolution of characters, simple vocabulary and a deep emotional impact on the reader are the main writing features of O’Brien.Brainstorming IdeasWhy did O’Brien give detailed list of all things the soldiers’ carries?O’Brien depicts a death of Ted Lavender. Why did he select this character?Was it so impo rtant to â€Å"kill† someone?O’Brien uses the theme of love at the beginning of the story. Why?What material and emotional things the soldiers carry? What is their meaning?What is the link between morality of the characters and their actions? Did it affect the other characters? How?The war is not sweet for those people who suffer from it. O’Brien describes, explains and justifies soldiers in terms of a deep and ineradicable difference between â€Å"past† and â€Å"present†. In stories O’Brien uses emotional impact with the implication of uncertainty, hesitation and deliberation. At the end, O’Brien criticizes horrific and piteous nature of war which change people and their world perception.Symbols, metaphors, repetition helps to impress the reader and appeal to his emotions. Emotional burden should not be taken for granted at a causal explanation of death. However, a war giving special significance to the ‘uniqueness' led to a p articular concern about the common sense of reflecting the desire of individual to find relief from emotional pressure. For most of the soldiers a a sense of being in the army to be fully expressed and developed requires that the people enjoy the right to decide upon their destiny.Second, at a personal level, it obviously makes relationships with others possible, creating a world of meaning. War is a true journey for men: it helps to make choices, makes possible relationships with others, and gives strength and resilience. At the beginning of the story many characters were not prepared to rescue the life to save the life of others while at the end they became real soldiers ready to rescuer their life.Note Cards1. â€Å"One thing for sure, he said. The lieutenant's in some deep hurt. I mean that crying jag — the way he was carrying on — it wasn't fake or anything, it was real heavy-duty hurt (O'Brien 17).2. (about cowardice) â€Å"In many respects this was the heavies t burden of all, for it could never be put down.† (O'Brien 13).3. The emotions are the heaviest burden because we cannot throw it down.4. The death of Ted Lavender is a push, which forces soldiers to look for the truth (sense) of life.5. The death of Ted Lavender is a watershed between past and future, old values and new ethics of a soldier.6. â€Å"It was very sad†¦ the things men carried inside. † (O'Brien 10). 7. â€Å"By telling stories, you objectify your own experience. You separate it from yourself† (O’Brien, p.9).8. â€Å"They carried the soldier’s greatest fear, which was the fear of blushing. Men killed, and died, because they were embarrassed not to. It was what had brought them to the war in the first place, nothing positive, no dreams of glory or honor, just to avoid the blush of dishonor. They died so as not to die of embarrassment† (O’Brien, p. 3).9. Fear applied to love leads to individual degradation.10. Soldiers carried the burden of the world (war).11. â€Å"Some escaped the fear, but dealt with the death and damage. Some made very hard decisions, and some just tried to survive† (O’Brien, p.11).Work Cited1. Bowen, K. , Weigl, B. Writing between the Lines: An Anthology on War and Its Social Consequences, University of Massachusetts Press, 1997.2. Calloway, C. â€Å"How to Tell a True War Story: Metafiction in the Things They Carried†, Critique, Vol. 36, 1995, pp. 249-257.3. Kaplan, S. â€Å"The Undying Uncertainty of the Narrator in Tim O'Brien's the Things They Carried†. Critique, Vol. 35, 1993, pp. 43-52.4. O'Brien, T. Literary Encyclopedia. 2005. Available at: http://www. litencyc. com/php/speople. php? rec=true&UID=33705. O’Brien, T. The Things They Carried. Broadway, 1998.6. Posek, J. â€Å"The Paradox of Necessity in Tim O'Brien's â€Å"The Things They Carried† Literature Seminar 180J, November 17, 1997.Available at: http://www. nd. edu/~frsw rite/mcpartlin/1998/Posek. shtml Draft Quotes: â€Å"As a first lieutenant and platoon leader, Jimmy Cross carried a compass, maps, code books, binoculars, and a . 45(c) caliber pistol that weighed 2. 9 pounds full loaded. † (p. 4). â€Å"The weapon weighed 7. 5 pounds unloaded, 8. 2 pounds with its full 20 round magazine. The riflemen carried anywhere from 12 to 20 magazines†¦ addin